INDIA POST INDEPENDENCE
After the independence, India faced many problems in which the major ones are discussed in this blog. I am Saurav welcome you all to come along with me on the Indian journey after post independence.
1) Re-organization of states
In 1917 by India independence act India was to be divided into two parts namely Hindustan and Pakistan. The princely states were allowed to join either of the nations or remain independent. The Indian domain has 140 minor and major princely states.
To deal with this on 14th July 1947 the department of Indian princely state was founded, which was headed by Sardar BALLAV BHAI PATEL. On the first day of foundation Patel passed two orders to the princely states :
1) every minor princely state who want to remain independent have to assimilate itself into neighboring princely states.
2) after assimilation make a federation of your own and the states that follow these two orders will hold a top portfolio in Indian administration after the independence.
on this basis, many of the minor and major princely states made their federation. example: Rajputs have made a federation of their own, in Delhi, the federation was called matasya federation, the princely state in the device of Vindhya mountain range was called The vindya federation.
There were three princely states who refused the order of Patel and continued as an independent state:
1) JUNAGADH 2) KASHMIR 3) HYDERABAD
JUNAGARH
King of Junagarh was a Muslim and the majority populates were Hindu. Being a Muslim the king was fascinated toward the Pakistan ideology and authorities. Later on, he made a declaration that Junagadh will join Pakistan.
The Hindu majority populates formed a provisional government and raised the banner of revolt. The king got terrified of this provisional government and fled off to Pakistan. After the departure of the king, the Muslim populates / minority was under the fear of Hindu community attack. So, seeing the situation the deewan of Junagadh Sahnawaz Bhutto sent a message to Indian authorities to assimilate Junagadh into India.
Patel organized for a plebiscite in Junagadh
1) 1.8 lakh people voted for India.
2) Only 90 people voted for Pakistan.
With the help of this plebiscite when on 15th of August 1947 India got its independence Junagadh got assimilated in India.
JAMMU & KASHMIR
In 1586 Akbar annexed Kashmir then in 1819 it got annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh after that in 1849 it got annexed by EIC and in 1854 it got sold to Gulab Singh by EIC.
Gulab Singh went on to form a hereditary rule in Jammu and Kashmir. By 1947 ruler of Kashmir was Hari Singh ( a Hindu). In the rule of Hari Singh Kashmir was having 77% Muslim, 22% Hindu, 3% sheiks & Buddhists.
Hari Singh declared that Jammu and Kashmir are going to be an independent state but as it has a Muslim majority so Pakistan was eager to assimilate Kashmir into Pakistan. For this purpose, Pakistan started to create disturbances into the border zone of Kashmir.
On 22 of October 1947, Pakistan made a full-fledged attack over Kashmir for its assimilation into Pakistan. Hari Singh immediately sent a request to the Indian government for speedy assimilation of Kashmir into INDIA but on a condition that when the war will end Indian authority will arrange for a plebiscite into Kashmir that whether it wants to join India or remain independent.
Indian authorities simply accepted the hariSinghh demand and thought that they will deal with the plebiscite issue later. The war begins and a major portion of Kashmir got free from Pakistani authority, it will take 5 to 7 days more for India to free rest of Kashmir from Pakistan.
On the other hand when the Kashmir war was going on. On 1st of January 1948, Jawahar Lal Nehru appeared as the statesman of the world in the security council of UN. Without consulting Patel who was in the front of kashmir assimilation. He put's a complaint in the security council of UN over the Pakistani invasion in Kashmir. Pakistan puts a counter complain that Kashmir is a Muslim majority state so it has to assimilate into Pakistan.
UN passed an order to stop the war and Indian forces were withdrawn from the front and a major portion of Kashmir got under Pakistan now called pok ( PAKISTAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR). After the war U.N organized for three commisions for a plebiscite in Kashmir for either it wants to join India or Pakistan or it wants to remain independent but each time India boycotted the commision due to fear of Muslim majority as it will either favor Pakistan or will remain independent.
1951 Jammu and Kashmir went on to form a constitutional assembly of it's own and declared Kashmir as a unit of INDIA. In 1956 this constitutional assembly embedded its constitution of its own.pakistan, on the other hand, was demanding for the plebiscite and is still demanding.
HYDERABAD
Hyderabad is the largest princely state ruled by a Muslim from NIZAM'S family. Hyderabad has a majority of Hindu and a minority of Muslims. Firstly nizam declared Hyderabad an independent state but as he was getting assured from Pakistani authorities for military support to expand Hyderabad empire up to Delhi.
Nizam in order to terrorize the majority he set up a committee of RAZZAK headed by QASIM RIZWI. The committee was given the task to torcher the Hindus so that the Hindu majority couldn't raise the banner of revolt.
Patel, on the other hand, has to deal with the border princely states first so he entered into a standstill agreement 1947 with the Nizam. But he was getting all the information about going on in Hyderabad.
1948 Patel poured it's military forces into Hyderabad to make a cease of Hyderabad, Nizam first went to Pakistani authorities for the military support but Pakistan remains a mock observer, Nizam then complained to the security council of UN over the Indian invasion into Hyderabad. Patel put's a counter complain on the Nizam for the torcher of Hindu majorities with the evidence.
Before UN can pass any order on this issue within 5 days Indian troops conquered the territory of Hyderabad and got Hyderabad assimilated into India. The mission is called OPERATION POLO headed by lieutenant general J.N CHAUDHARY.
ECONOMY
In the agrarian sector's
REFORMS :
1) Zamindari abolition : The first area where zamindari got abolished in 1948 was Madras and the last one was Bengal in 1954.
2) the currency reform: New terms were set
a) the rent for land paid to zamindars will now be directly paid to the government.
b) Frequent eviction of cultivators was to be put under control. Till the cultivator is paying regular revenue he can't be evicted.
In some of the provinces, the tenants were had to cultivate a particular period of time. Then they will get declared as the master of the land.
PLAN AND SYSTEM
1ST plan : Agriculture became the chief priority for the govt. of India. A number of multi-purpose project's got regulated. Example: Damodar valley project, Mirapur Project.
For fertilizers: Sindari fertilizers were set up in JHARKHAND.
2nd Plan: Heavy industrialization
Heavy industrialization was the priority for India. By means of heavy industrialization, the real growth can occur in the country in the form of infrastructure development. Developing ruler areas into urban areas. Provide equal job opportunities for the civilians. Became self-dependent and to improve the defense of the country.
Balanced development will occur in the country that will increase in the country that will increase the per capita income of the nation.
3rd plan: 1961-66 to make India self-reliant economically. Could never be achieved by the government in this period due to
1) INDO-CHINA WAR (1962)
2) INDO-PAK WAR (1965)
3) Famine(1966)
1966: Devaluation of its currency by 36.5% to encourage the export. To deal with famine ' The green revolution ' was introduced in India by DR Narman Balgerah and M.S Swaminathan. Experiments were made in Haryana & Punjab zone due to efficient condition's like water, high-quality seeds, and fertilizers.
Green revolution made abundance increase of agricultural goods.
Loopholes of green revolution: Unbalanced development of India. Punjab and Haryana went on to became rich states while other zones became backward.
2) waterlogging was another problem that got created due to the green revolution.
3) Increase in the sourity of the soil due to excessive use of fertilizers.
rabi crops got very much highlighted and the other crops remain into in abundance for general people.
1966: Government department vacancies were drastically decreased that affected political situation in india.
1967: In the elections of 1967 Jana sangha a communal party went to win 22 seats due to the above problems.
1917: In INDO-PAK WAR after posing defeat to Pakistan Indira Gandhi was able to unify youngsters toward the Congress.
if you have reached upto here thank u so much and let me know in the comments what do you want next from me
1) Re-organization of states
In 1917 by India independence act India was to be divided into two parts namely Hindustan and Pakistan. The princely states were allowed to join either of the nations or remain independent. The Indian domain has 140 minor and major princely states.
To deal with this on 14th July 1947 the department of Indian princely state was founded, which was headed by Sardar BALLAV BHAI PATEL. On the first day of foundation Patel passed two orders to the princely states :
1) every minor princely state who want to remain independent have to assimilate itself into neighboring princely states.
2) after assimilation make a federation of your own and the states that follow these two orders will hold a top portfolio in Indian administration after the independence.
on this basis, many of the minor and major princely states made their federation. example: Rajputs have made a federation of their own, in Delhi, the federation was called matasya federation, the princely state in the device of Vindhya mountain range was called The vindya federation.
There were three princely states who refused the order of Patel and continued as an independent state:
1) JUNAGADH 2) KASHMIR 3) HYDERABAD
JUNAGARH
King of Junagarh was a Muslim and the majority populates were Hindu. Being a Muslim the king was fascinated toward the Pakistan ideology and authorities. Later on, he made a declaration that Junagadh will join Pakistan.
The Hindu majority populates formed a provisional government and raised the banner of revolt. The king got terrified of this provisional government and fled off to Pakistan. After the departure of the king, the Muslim populates / minority was under the fear of Hindu community attack. So, seeing the situation the deewan of Junagadh Sahnawaz Bhutto sent a message to Indian authorities to assimilate Junagadh into India.
Patel organized for a plebiscite in Junagadh
1) 1.8 lakh people voted for India.
2) Only 90 people voted for Pakistan.
With the help of this plebiscite when on 15th of August 1947 India got its independence Junagadh got assimilated in India.
JAMMU & KASHMIR
In 1586 Akbar annexed Kashmir then in 1819 it got annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh after that in 1849 it got annexed by EIC and in 1854 it got sold to Gulab Singh by EIC.
Gulab Singh went on to form a hereditary rule in Jammu and Kashmir. By 1947 ruler of Kashmir was Hari Singh ( a Hindu). In the rule of Hari Singh Kashmir was having 77% Muslim, 22% Hindu, 3% sheiks & Buddhists.
Hari Singh declared that Jammu and Kashmir are going to be an independent state but as it has a Muslim majority so Pakistan was eager to assimilate Kashmir into Pakistan. For this purpose, Pakistan started to create disturbances into the border zone of Kashmir.
On 22 of October 1947, Pakistan made a full-fledged attack over Kashmir for its assimilation into Pakistan. Hari Singh immediately sent a request to the Indian government for speedy assimilation of Kashmir into INDIA but on a condition that when the war will end Indian authority will arrange for a plebiscite into Kashmir that whether it wants to join India or remain independent.
Indian authorities simply accepted the hariSinghh demand and thought that they will deal with the plebiscite issue later. The war begins and a major portion of Kashmir got free from Pakistani authority, it will take 5 to 7 days more for India to free rest of Kashmir from Pakistan.
On the other hand when the Kashmir war was going on. On 1st of January 1948, Jawahar Lal Nehru appeared as the statesman of the world in the security council of UN. Without consulting Patel who was in the front of kashmir assimilation. He put's a complaint in the security council of UN over the Pakistani invasion in Kashmir. Pakistan puts a counter complain that Kashmir is a Muslim majority state so it has to assimilate into Pakistan.
UN passed an order to stop the war and Indian forces were withdrawn from the front and a major portion of Kashmir got under Pakistan now called pok ( PAKISTAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR). After the war U.N organized for three commisions for a plebiscite in Kashmir for either it wants to join India or Pakistan or it wants to remain independent but each time India boycotted the commision due to fear of Muslim majority as it will either favor Pakistan or will remain independent.
1951 Jammu and Kashmir went on to form a constitutional assembly of it's own and declared Kashmir as a unit of INDIA. In 1956 this constitutional assembly embedded its constitution of its own.pakistan, on the other hand, was demanding for the plebiscite and is still demanding.
HYDERABAD
Hyderabad is the largest princely state ruled by a Muslim from NIZAM'S family. Hyderabad has a majority of Hindu and a minority of Muslims. Firstly nizam declared Hyderabad an independent state but as he was getting assured from Pakistani authorities for military support to expand Hyderabad empire up to Delhi.
Nizam in order to terrorize the majority he set up a committee of RAZZAK headed by QASIM RIZWI. The committee was given the task to torcher the Hindus so that the Hindu majority couldn't raise the banner of revolt.
Patel, on the other hand, has to deal with the border princely states first so he entered into a standstill agreement 1947 with the Nizam. But he was getting all the information about going on in Hyderabad.
1948 Patel poured it's military forces into Hyderabad to make a cease of Hyderabad, Nizam first went to Pakistani authorities for the military support but Pakistan remains a mock observer, Nizam then complained to the security council of UN over the Indian invasion into Hyderabad. Patel put's a counter complain on the Nizam for the torcher of Hindu majorities with the evidence.
Before UN can pass any order on this issue within 5 days Indian troops conquered the territory of Hyderabad and got Hyderabad assimilated into India. The mission is called OPERATION POLO headed by lieutenant general J.N CHAUDHARY.
ECONOMY
In the agrarian sector's
REFORMS :
1) Zamindari abolition : The first area where zamindari got abolished in 1948 was Madras and the last one was Bengal in 1954.
2) the currency reform: New terms were set
a) the rent for land paid to zamindars will now be directly paid to the government.
b) Frequent eviction of cultivators was to be put under control. Till the cultivator is paying regular revenue he can't be evicted.
In some of the provinces, the tenants were had to cultivate a particular period of time. Then they will get declared as the master of the land.
PLAN AND SYSTEM
1ST plan : Agriculture became the chief priority for the govt. of India. A number of multi-purpose project's got regulated. Example: Damodar valley project, Mirapur Project.
For fertilizers: Sindari fertilizers were set up in JHARKHAND.
2nd Plan: Heavy industrialization
Heavy industrialization was the priority for India. By means of heavy industrialization, the real growth can occur in the country in the form of infrastructure development. Developing ruler areas into urban areas. Provide equal job opportunities for the civilians. Became self-dependent and to improve the defense of the country.
Balanced development will occur in the country that will increase in the country that will increase the per capita income of the nation.
3rd plan: 1961-66 to make India self-reliant economically. Could never be achieved by the government in this period due to
1) INDO-CHINA WAR (1962)
2) INDO-PAK WAR (1965)
3) Famine(1966)
1966: Devaluation of its currency by 36.5% to encourage the export. To deal with famine ' The green revolution ' was introduced in India by DR Narman Balgerah and M.S Swaminathan. Experiments were made in Haryana & Punjab zone due to efficient condition's like water, high-quality seeds, and fertilizers.
Green revolution made abundance increase of agricultural goods.
Loopholes of green revolution: Unbalanced development of India. Punjab and Haryana went on to became rich states while other zones became backward.
2) waterlogging was another problem that got created due to the green revolution.
3) Increase in the sourity of the soil due to excessive use of fertilizers.
rabi crops got very much highlighted and the other crops remain into in abundance for general people.
1966: Government department vacancies were drastically decreased that affected political situation in india.
1967: In the elections of 1967 Jana sangha a communal party went to win 22 seats due to the above problems.
1917: In INDO-PAK WAR after posing defeat to Pakistan Indira Gandhi was able to unify youngsters toward the Congress.
if you have reached upto here thank u so much and let me know in the comments what do you want next from me
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